The former player: 'I wanted to continue playing'
Important note: This piece includes details of racially offensive language and behaviour
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that going public to expose racial discrimination in rugby union brought his career to an premature conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the sport, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to end my career because of what occurred," he told reporters.
"I really hoped to carry on playing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it fell through when word came out that there were inquiries going on.
"That was challenging - I had to just come to terms with the outcome and understand that this whole situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially overlooked for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 caps after his first game in 2014.
"I have had multiple traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"This is something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the issue that I've myself suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a extended period you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was finally motivated to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the implementation of an action plan for the elite level."
"We has given considerable focus on diversity and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are ongoing work with teams and partners in the elite level to strive for a environment of inclusivity but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building inclusive environments, with its effectiveness tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to intervene and defend others from harmful behaviour.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff passed away shortly after the production of the documentary, and his sister passed away recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more accessible.
His 12 Foundation aims to connect with young people in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive on and off the field with complimentary sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My intentions are genuine, I want to see the progress of the sport and if others is prepared to share their experience then I'll continue to advocate for that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more confident others will feel about sharing their own stories as well.
"I need to take the bull by the horns and continue carrying this banner and continue supporting this responsibility and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the game more appealing and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely think that rugby has the ability to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in late 2022